Early leaf spot lesions on the abaxial lower surface of groundnut leaflets a. Integrated disease management in groundnut agropedia. The comparisons of early and late leaf spot of groundnut. Variability and correlations among groundnut populations. Hori and late leaf spot caused by cercosporidium personatum are most devastating and economically important foliar fungal disease and major yield reducing factor of groundnut worldwide khaleque, 1985 and mirza, 1988. Coolers were operated in the glasshouse to prevent the air tempera. Small chlorotic flecks on leaf petioles, stems and pegs which enlarge and turn dark in color. In case of late leaf spot, the lesions on the leaf are small, more nearly circular and darker than those of early leaf spot. Management of early leaf spot of peanut with pyraclostrobin as affected by rate and spray interval a. Early and late leaf spot of groundnut africa soil health consortium.
Nov 26, 2014 the groundnut leaf spots early leaf spot and late leaf spot commonly called as tikka disease cause nearly complete defoliation and yield loss up to 50 per cent or more depending upon. Knowledge bank early and late leaf spot on groundnut. Since the leaf spot pathogens survive mainly in crop debris, cultural practices such as crop rotation, burying crop debris during land. With the publication ofthis new bulletin on early and late leaf spots, groundnut workers are now. Late leaf spot lls and rust are two major foliar diseases of peanut that often occur together leading to 5070% yield loss in the crop. Early leaf spot brown lesion and late leaf spot black lesion covered with tufts of. Early leaf spot cercospora arachidicola late leaf spot cercosporidium personatum leaf spot diseases are caused by two distinct, but closely related, fungal plant pathogens. Sporulation mainly occurs on upper leaf surface and turn to reddish brown colour. Late leaf spot the comparisons of early and late leaf spot of groundnut. Reusable learning object rlo of groundnut from icrisat scientists. Although early leaf spot can be found as early as 30 days after planting, it usually is not observed in wellrotated fields until midjuly or later. Oct, 2016 how to differentiate early and late leaf spot of groundnut, icrisat resources, tikka diseas, cercospora leaf spot of groundnut, plant pathology channel.
Deighton, respectively, can cause considerable yield losses without fungicide management. Late leaf spot does not normally affect yield reduction as severely as early leaf spot. Symptoms of late leaf spot smaller spots and more nearly circular than early leaf sot lesion 1 to 6 mm in dia. Cultural and management practices such as crop rotation and burial of affected crop residues reduce the inoculum load of both soilborne fungi.
By d mcdonald, p subrahmanyam, r w gibbons and d h smith. Ntare 1 and haile desmae 1, 1 international crops research institute for the semiarid tropics icrisat, bp 320 bamako, mali. Small dark brown circular spots appear on the leaves. Early leaf spot is supposed to have a more obvious yellow margin around the brown spots photo 1, but this is not always the case. Severe damage to a groundnut crop caused by early leaf spot in the usa a and malawi b, and by a. All parts of the host plant above soil level are attacked by the disease. Breeding objectives high yield early maturity resistance to disease early leaf spot late leaf spot rust bud necrosis resistant to insects leaf minor white grubs red hairy and bihar hairy caterpillar high oil content tolerance to drought and cold.
Bhat2, annapurna chitikineni1, pasupuleti janila1, baozhu guo3 and rajeev k. Tikka is a major diseaseaffecting groundnut and all its varieties in india. Late and early leaf spots are considered to be the most serious and widespread diseases of groundnut globally mcdonald et al. Late leaf spot of peanut, passalora personata, on top of leaf. Tikka disease cause epidemics in all groundnut crop growing countries including united states, china, india etc. The symptoms of lls are circular and darker spots appear on the lower surface of the leaves and also forms in stems and pegs resulting in severe yield loss to the groundnut growers. Management of late leaf spot of groundnut by different. Rust puccinia arachidis symptoms the disease attacks all aerial parts of the plant. Plants were raised in cm diameter plastic pots in a glasshouse. Early leaf spot of peanut is caused by the fungus cercospora arachidicola. Cercospora leaf spot infected leaves collected from the.
Grow tolerant varieties can be grown wherever early leaf spot is severe. It is a major problem, although traditional farmers in sierra leone consider spots on groundnut as signs of maturity. Estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation revealed high value for pod yield, kernel yield, and. Genetic variability, heritability for late leaf spot tolerance and productivity traits in a recombinant inbred line population of groundnut arachis hypogaea l. Marimuthu abstract late leaf spot incited by cercosporidium personatum is the serious disease in groundnut. Early and late leaf spots, caused respectively by cercospora arachidicola and phaeoisariopsis personata until recently known as cercosporidium personatum, are the most common and serious. The fungicides are the most common tools for controlling disease losses. Early and late leaf spots are the most common and important peanut diseases. In north carolina, leaf spot control is necessary to prevent defoliation and yield loss on all peanut cultivars. Tikka leaf spot identification in case of early leaf spot, the lesions are sub circular and 110 mm diameter and dark brown on the upper surface of the leaf. Early leaf spot of peanut with leaves showing distinctive yellow margins or haloes around the brown spots.
Values of 1 through 4 on the scale reflect increasing incidence of leaflets with spots, and occurrence of spots in. Late leaf spot phaeoisariopsis personata infection peanutbase. Microscopic examination is needed to tell early from late leaf spot. Among the diseases, early leaf spot caused by cercospora arachidicola s. Infection with either leaf spot fungus produces hormonal changes in the leaf that cause leaf drop. Tikka disease of groundnut is a disease which also refers to leaf spot disease. The effect of different methods of application of pseudomonas fluorescens pf1 in managing late leaf spot of groundnut was assessed under greenhouse condition. Late leaf spot attack is usually seen along with rust disease. Late leaf spot of peanut that produces sexual spores is referred to as mycosphaerella berkeleyi, whereas the asexual spore is referred to as cercosporidium personatum. Early leaf spot is the most common foliar disease of peanuts in oklahoma, while late leaf spot occurs infrequently. In the present study, a lls susceptible genotype tmv 2 and the lls resistant genotype cog 0437 were crossed and their. The spots are of lighter shade of brown on the lower side of the leaflets. A study using 6 6 f2 full diallel populations from six parents nama, b188, pc7979, qh243c, ts321, and cn94c was conducted to assess the mode of inheritance of els resistance traits. The disease is usually found when the plants are about 6 weeks old.
The tips of many leaves have a yellow blush and some slight folded leaf tips are from leaf hopper damage. Morphoanatomical characterization of groundnut genotypes. Field experiments for the integrated management of early leaf spot els and late leaf spot lls diseases of groundnut were conducted during 1988 to 1990 rainy seasons. The symptoms of lls are circular and darker spots appear on the lower surface of the leaves and also forms in stems and pegs resulting in severe yield loss to the groundnut. Vishwakarma1, yaduru shasidhar1, vinay kumar1, vanika garg1, ramesh s. Disease management tamil nadu agricultural university. Notice that these lesions also have a chlorotic ring. Thrips, leaf miner aproaerema modicella deventer, tobacco caterpillar spodoptera litura fabricius and white grubs holotrichia spp.
Small brown to chestnut dusty pustules appear on the lower surface of leaves. On the lower leaf surface where most of the sporulation occurs, the lesions are black. Variability and correlations among groundnut populations for. Molecular markers linked with lls can improve the process of identification of resistant genotypes. Both early and late leaf spots are present wherever groundnuts are grown, including all parts of africa. The present experiment was conducted in mali to study the genetic variability and correlation of early leaf spot els resistance parameters and agromorphological traits in groundnut using two f3 populations from crosses qh243c x nama and ts321 x nama. In most cases, farmers find it difficult to clearly differentiate between symptoms of early and late leaf spot of groundnut. Oval to elongate spots similar to early leaf spot are also formed on stems and pegs.
Early and late leaf spot was assessed for each plot by use of the florida 1 to 10 scale, a disease index where 1 no leaf spot, and 10 plants completely defoliated and dead because of leaf spot 5. Cercospora leaf spot disease is a disease caused by fungi on leaves of groundnut. Plant material experiments were carried out on the groundnut cultivar tmv 2 which is susceptible to rust and leaf spots. Late leaf spot lls caused by phaeoisariopsis personata is the major foliar disease that reduces the pod yield and severely affects the fodder and seed quality in groundnut. Analysis of crop loss in the multiple pathosystem groundnutrustlate. Intercropping pearl millet or sorghum with groundnut 1.
Early leaf spot of peanut mississippi crop situation. Late leaf spot phaeoisariopsis personata infection. The leaf spots are also known as tikka disease incited by two species of fungus cercospora arachidicola and cercopora phaeoisariopsis personata pathogen. The sporulating surface of an early leaf spot lesion b magnified x 45 b 1. Early and late leaf spots, caused respectively by cercospora arachidicola and phaeoisariopsis personata until recently known as cercosporidium personatum, are the most common and serious diseases of groundnut, worldwide. Center of the lesion is uniformly dark, somewhat a dark chocolate brown. Two types of symptoms are produced and are known as. Foliar diseases of peanut osu fact sheets oklahoma state. It occurs as two distinct types of leaf spot, namely, early leaf spot and late leaf spot. These are caused by two different species of fungi. It occurs as well in almost all groundnut growing countries of the world. Genetic variability, heritability for late leaf spot. The knowledge bank early leaf spot of groundnut specie page is the place to find information, images, diagnosis guides and more specific to early leaf spot of groundnut.
A combination of larger incubation and latent periods, fewer lesions per leaf, smaller lesion diameter, lower sporulation index, reduced leaf area damage and disease score, which primarily depends on defoliation percentage, decides the resistance reaction of groundnut to late leaf spot. The causal organism of tikka disease are the species of the genus cercospora namely cercospora arachidicola and cercospora personata. Early leaf spot symptoms subcircular dark brown spots are produced on the upper leaflet surface. Madhusudhan reddy4 24department of genetics and plant breeding. Peanut groundnut diseases and pests, description, uses. In india, late leaf spot is more severe than early leaf spot ghewande, 1990. The early leaf spot and rust diseased leaves caused by p. Crop rotation with nonhost crops preferably cereals. Antimycotic activity of three fern extracts from hemionitis arifolia burm. Here is a list of fourteen major diseases found in groundnut. Early and late leaf spots, caused by the fungi mycosphaerella arachidis and. Of these, early leaf spot els, caused by cercospora arachidicola, is a major and widely distributed disease. Early leaf spot of groundnut mycosphaerella arachidis. In case of severe attacks, defoliation occurs and only the stem remains.
In groundnut, fungi cause seed rots and seedling diseases such as root rot, stem rot, wilts, blight. Low yields and quality of groundnut in developing countries have been partly attributed to early and late leaf spots disease janila et al. The present experiment was conducted in mali to study the genetic variability and correlation of early leaf spot els resistance parameters and agromorphological traits in groundnut using two f3. Closeup image of an early leaf spot lesion on peanut symptoms small chlorotic flecks on leaf petioles, stems and pegs which enlarge and turn dark in color. The main objectives of this research were to analyze plant and disease developmental cycles. Relationships between temperature and latent periods of. Screening of groundnut genotypes for early and late leaf spot. These spots are bigger in size compared to late leaf spots. The leaf symptoms produced by the pathogens can be easily distinguished as the early leaf spot are circular to irregular, light to dark brown centre with distinct yellowish halo. Small chlorotic spots appear on leaflets, with time they enlarge and turn brown to black and assume sub circular shape on upper leaf surface. Early leaf spot is an important disease in africa, particularly in southern africa. It causes severe defoliation and reduces pod yields by more than 50% if the crop is not protected with chemicals shew et al. The yield loss of 1570 per cent in groundnut is reported due to leaf spot. Resistance to disease might have comple x inheritance that.
Qtlseq approach identified genomic regions and diagnostic. The first visible symptoms appear on the leaflets of lower leaves as dark spots which at a later stage, are surrounded by yellow rings. Early leaf spot els is one of the major biotic constraints of. Mycosphaerella berkeleyii symptoms the disease occurs on all above ground parts of the plant, more severely on the leaves. Mycosphaerella arachidiscercopora arachidicola sexual stage. Symptoms of early leaf spot on the upper leaf surface are circular dark br, own spots typically surrounded by a yellow halo. Early leaf spot els caused by cercospora arachidicola and late leaf spot lls caused by phaeoisariopsis personata, are amongst the major fungal diseases of groundnut.
Pdf epidemiology of the groundnut arachis hypogaea l. Management of early leaf spot of peanut as affected by. The experiment was conducted in rcbd design having three replicates with a plot size of 2. Qtlseq approach identified genomic regions and diagnostic markers for rust and late leaf spot resistance in groundnut. Hosts that suffer from late leaf spot include groundnut species belonging to the genus arachis hypogaea, and peanuts.
Study of the interactions between diseases and crop intensification in factorial experiments. Deighton, respectively, can cause considerable yield losses. Early and late leaf spot disease of groundnut caused by cercospora arachidicola. In areas of the world where fungicides are not used, pod yield losses are as high as 50% porter et al. Groundnut leaf spot is one of the important factors limiting groundnut productivity in africa particularly in the democratic republic of congo dr congo. This disease, combined with rust or late leaf spot, can cause from 50% to 70% yield losses 4. However, late leaf spot causes severe defoliation and is more destructive than early leaf spot, which further decreases yield. In burkina faso, malawi, mali, nigeria and sudan the diseases are widespread.
Pseudomonas fluorescens for the late leaf spot of groundnut. Early leaf spot els is caused by the fungus cercospora arachidicola hori and late leaf spots lls by the fungus cercosporidium personatum berk. Diseases of groundnut tikka leaf spots early leaf spot. Genetic analysis of rust and late leaf spot in advanced generation 1 5 d mcdonald, p subrahmanyam, r w gibbons and d h smith 1985, early and late leaf spot of groundnut. Diallel analysis of early leaf spot cercospora arachidicola hori. Early leaf spot typically causes brown lesions spots on. Diallel analysis of early leaf spot cercospora arachidicola.
Of the various pathogens present, maximum damage is caused by fungi. Singly or together they can cause losses in pod yield of over 50%. Genetic analysis of rust and late leaf spot in advanced. The spots have smaller yellow margins or haloes, compared to photo 1, and the spots are darker. Early leaf spot els is one of the major biotic constraints of groundnut production in west and central africa. Area was fallowed for some weeks before planting peanuts. Groundnut or peanut is an important legume nut known for its multifarious uses including oil production, direct human consumption as food and also animal consumption in the form of hay, silage and. The groundnut leaf spots early leaf spot and late leaf spot commonly called as tikka disease cause nearly complete defoliation and yield loss up to 50 per cent or more depending upon. Is one of the reasons, along with late leaf spot, for the development of the traditional two week spray schedule in established peanut.
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